A Historical Survey Of Architecture And Urbanism - 1550 Words

A Historical Survey of Architecture and Urbanism: from Antiquity to the Middle Ages The Houses of Roman Italy Introduction This paper evaluates the design and structures of the Roman houses since the antiquity era to the Middle Ages. The paper digs deep into the houses that the Romans built and compares several factors that give relative argument base for the entire paper. It is outlined that most Roman houses were built in respect to the wealth and influence of individuals within the society. This analysis gives all the facts related to the above topic and tries to undercover the reason as to why class was a consistent factor within the society. It can be argued that the design and structures of the Roman houses were proposed in respect to the wealth and position of an individual in the society (Macdonald, 1007). There was no specific that was to be followed when coming up with different designs. Some of the most prestigious houses within the community were inhabited by the wealthy persons. This identity was used to weigh individual; performance in both the local and external performances. The paper al so introduces the destinations and locations that most of these Roman houses were built. It presents a chronological argument on why the Roman houses existed like this all through. Thesis statement; most of the Roman houses were built in respect to the class and identity of an individual within the society. This paper seeks to establish the depth of the above argumentShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Urban Design and Community Planning3820 Words   |  16 Pagesand functionality of towns and cities, and in particular the shaping and uses of urban public space. It has traditionally been regarded as a disciplinary subset of urban planning, landscape architecture, or architecture and in more recent times has been linked to emergent disciplines such as landscape urbanism. However, with its increasing prominence in the activities of these disciplines, it is better conceptualized as a design practice that operates at the intersection of all three, and requiresRead MoreAldo Rossi Locomotiva 2 Research2883 Words   |  12 Pages16. Aldo Rossi, Gianugo Polesello, Peter Behrens e il problema dellabitazione moderna, Casabella Continuita, n. 240 (1960); also in Scritti ,ceiti, 107-11. 37. Ibid., 107 38. Rossi, The Architecture of the Ciry, 45. 39. Manfredo Tafuri, a 1960 graduate of the Faculty of Architecture in Rome, was .developing in the framework of urban ­ ism and planning his first important his ­ torical, critical, and theoretical contribu ­ tions, including a special issue of Carabella, edited with GIorgioRead MoreCost Effectively Retrofitting Multifamily Housing6408 Words   |  26 Pagesamenities can be cost effective with proper evaluations and thorough planning, resulting in benefits to the tenant, the property owner and the surrounding community. Sustainability and green amenities for housing have come to the forefront with the New Urbanism movement of revitalizing existing communities. These ?new? urban communities are established neighborhoods renovated with sustainable design features. Within this new urban movement exists the trend of retrofitting existing multifamily housingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesThe Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical

Compare And Contrast Theodore Roosevelt And The...

During the Progressive Era, two presidents, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, were very essential and celebrated during their time. Roosevelt became president in 1901 and was probably one of the most influential Republicans ever to have power over the American people (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt.†). Being a democrat, Woodrow Wilson ran his campaign in a very different way than President Roosevelt. He became president in 1913 and was easily one of the best presidents the United States ever had, leading the Americans through World War I (History.com Staff). With both presidents being very great, they compare and contrast through their achievements and their failures throughout the Progressive Era. Becoming president after the assassination of†¦show more content†¦Woodrow Wilson, in his presidency, ran the country a little bit different with a democratic perspective. He wanted a lot of reforms for the country, but he mainly focused on equality between smaller businesse s and bigger businesses. He came up with the New Freedom Philosophy, which placed government controls on corporations in order to benefit small businesses and the Underwood Tariff, making things easier and lowering tariffs on imported goods (â€Å"United States History†). His reforms centered around making sure the lesser businesses and organizations were just as powerful as the larger organizations. He also put the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act into operation. The Federal Reserve Act placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board (â€Å"United States History†). Its main focus was to put baking into the central part of the country. The Federal Trade Commission Act monitored business practices, dishonest labeling, and false advertising to make sure everything was equal (â€Å"United States History†). To conclude, Wilson had a lot of reforms and a lot of them related to Roosevelt and how he wanted the country to be ru n. Going along with Wilson, the two presidents had a lot in common. They both wanted the American people to be the happiest they could be and they tried to evoke that. They wanted the economy to improve, as well as the daily life of the nation. Though they were similar in these ways, their ideas of going about itShow MoreRelatedcompare and contrast of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson808 Words   |  4 Pages Compare and Contrast of the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt By HIS 204 American History since 1865 Instructor: Kathleen Scarpena November 25, 2013 Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are two of America’s most celebrated presidents during the 20th century. Theodore Roosevelt who was a Republican had a military background and created the American conservation movement. Theodore Roosevelt was also once shot by an would be assassin and still managed to giveRead MoreAll The King s Men By Robert Penn Warren889 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal story of Jack as the latter comes to realize his responsibility for the world around him. The insight that this book gives on politician life’s can compare and contrast history events thought the different themes like visions of America, alcohol, politics, and education. To begin, the theme of the visions of America is used to compare and constant history events. The U.S. s history of slavery continues to trouble generations of Americans and impacts Americans view of themselves. The bookRead MoreAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 Pages1775–1783. 3. Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861. 4. Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era reforms from the 1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following. †¢ Politics †¢ Social conditions †¢ Labor and working conditions 5. 5. Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movementsRead MoreComparison Between Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim1501 Words   |  7 PagesName: Crystal Henrick FL6132 Compare and contrast the various early European urban theorists as found in Chapter 1 of the course text. (300-400 words) The two theorists i’ve decided to compare and contrast are Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Firstly i’ll compare them to one another. From all the readings I did and past education on these individuals I found they have a lot of the same views in regards to religion. Both Emlie Durkheim and Karl Marx believe that religion is a projection of mans hopesRead MoreEruopean Expansion4283 Words   |  18 Pageswith the Indians. What specific developments illustrate that the English living in the plantation colonies tried to apply these lessons? Select any combination of two of the three colonial settlement areas (South, New England, middle) and compare and contrast them. Focus on the motives of their founders, religious and social orientation, economic pursuits, and political developments. To what degree was the government of Massachusetts Bay simultaneously theocratic, democratic, oligarchic, and authoritarianRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesIndians. What specific developments illustrate that the English living in the plantation colonies tried to apply these lessons? (25 pts) 2. Compare and contrast the ways in which tobacco and sugar affected the social and economic development of colonial America (10pts) Chapter 3 Study Guide â€Å"Settling the Northern Colonies† 1. Compare and contrast the motives of the their founders, religious and social orientation, economic pursuits, and political developments of TWO of the early colonialRead MoreA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 Pagescolonies between 1607 and 1775? (2001) 9. Compare the ways in which religion shaped the development of colonial society (to 1740) in TWO of the following regions: New England Chesapeake Middle Atlantic (2002) 10. Compare the ways in which TWO of the following reflected tensions in colonial society. Bacons Rebellion (1676) Pueblo Revolt (1680) Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692) Stono Rebellion (1739) (2003 B) 11. Compare and contrast the ways in which economic development affectedRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesyour students have not mastered the expository essay form, you may want to try a simpler activity that will require them to use these documents. You could pose a quiz question requiring them to compare the New England and Chesapeake colonies including the information in Documents D and E. Or they could compare the Spanish and French efforts using the information in Documents B and D. Another possibility would be a jigsaw activity using these documents. Divide your class into four groups and assign studentsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagespoints both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the lateRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAffect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case Incident 1 â€Å"Lessons for ‘Undercover’ Bosses† 34 Case Incident 2 Era of the Disposable Worker? 35 vii viii CONTENTS 2 2 The Individual Diversity in Organizations 39 Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics

Sonnet 19 and 63 by Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Sonnet 19 and 63 by Shakespeare Essay In this essay I am going to compare and contrast sonnet 19 and 63 focusing on the poets intention and use of language and structure considering the destructive nature of time theme and the effect on the mans beauty. Sonnet 19 is about the destructive power of time and in, which is very explicit in this particular sonnet. The sonnet is based upon the personification of time used by Shakespeare. Sonnet 63s theme is again about time and personifies time and performs beauty as an image. In Sonnet 19 Shakespeare represents Time as wild animals, like Lions and Tigers, because these animals are powerful just like Time. For example Devouring Time blunt thou the Lions paws. This quote portrays Time as an animal devouring its prey Time is the animal and the young mans beauty is the animals prey. Shakespeare uses Time as a hunting killing machine. Another reference to wild animals is Pluck the keen teeth from the fierce tigers jaws. Time is portrayed as destructive and at some stage in the poets young friend he will become blunt and time will take away its ability to survive therefore destructive power is being torn away which emphasiss on times power. Whereas in Sonnet 63 the theme and intention is very similar to sonnet 19 but is portrayed in an ageing process. In sonnet 19 Shakespeare uses time and the destructive power of time however he uses a contrast of the old and young to appreciate time will eventually crush and wear you down, With times injured hand crushed and oerworn. There is a major contrast in one line which mainly focuses on the ageing process With lines and wrinkles when is youthful morn this quote represents the soon to be death and time will have its turn upon you. In sonnet 19 beauty is portrayed in many ways, however in a contrasting way to sonnet 63. And make the earth devour hr own sweet blood, eventually time will destroy the poets beautiful young friend, although the poet can do nothing to prevent this from happening. In sonnet 19 the poet writes as if this man is someone to worship against, For beautys pattern to succeeding men. The personification is trying to convince the young man that if he doesnt have children then Time will slowly take away his beauty. However Shakespeare has given Time a female agenda, maybe because he is indicating to the young man that he needs a woman to carry on his beauty, to the wide world and all her fading sweets. In sonnet 63 there is a distinctive image of time being thief by stealing away beauty, And all those beauties whereof king are vanishing, or vanished out of sight, this quote is seen to be a flattering comment describing the flattering of kingdom beauty. In both sonnets similarly, the poet discussed seasons, in sonnet 19 Stealing away the treasure of his spring describing the freshness of spring with time being expressed as a metaphor. Also in sonnet 63, Make glad and sorry seasons as thou fleetst discusses the speed of time and the swift progress of the image by using seasons has a time date situation rather than using days because that would be seen as a slow pace. Sonnet 19 and 63 both suggest the use of personification with the intention of time being stolen, Him in thy course untainted do allow, interprets the swift progress of time being stolen. Stealing away the treasure of his spring, this quote suggests that beauty have being taken away although time is the thief in this interpretation. .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 , .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .postImageUrl , .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 , .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49:hover , .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49:visited , .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49:active { border:0!important; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49:active , .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49 .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9ec2867a0d9c4b70f82530648be77f49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stealing and Mrs Tilchers Class Carol Ann Duffy EssayIn sonnet 19 and 63 there is a contrast between birth and death. In sonnet 19 future generations is discussed, For beautys pattern to succeeding men, the new generations will have something to model against with his existing beauty, Shakespeare is talking about a young man and persuading him to hand his beauty on by having children. Where as in sonnet 63 Shakespeare discusses death and its defence against time, Against confounding ages cruel knife That he shall never cut from memory time is inevitable towards death with a war like image using a defence barrier. Ages steepy night, with an interpretation to declining death . In sonnet 19 the final rhyming couplet as the end of the sonnet, Yet do thy worst old Time: despite thy wrong, My love shall in my verse ever live young. This quote to me is similar in a way to the rhyming couplet in sonnet 63. However this couplet defines that the poets poems will preserve his feelings for love. Sonnet 63 His beauty shall in these black lines be seen, And they shall live, and he in them still green. The young man is immortal through Shakespeares poems with vitality green. In both sonnets theres a great deal of personification used. In Sonnet 19 Shakespeare uses powerful imagery and personification to try and persuade the young man to carry on his lineage and his beauty. He personifies Time in Sonnet 19, for example swift-footed Time, antique pen and Devouring Time blunt thou the lions paws. All of these quotes are very important in Sonnet 19 because they are there to influence the young man into having children. Also in sonnet 63 time is personified times injurious hand. Shakespeare uses the imagery of beauty in both sonnets. The imagery he uses is also very important in Sonnet 19 and 63. In sonnet 19 the imagery of powerful wild cats and phoenixs give a sense of beauty and greatness of the importance of extending the young mans physical appearance. In sonnet 63 the imagery of contrasting lines is powerful throughout the poem. In the first quatrain With lines and wrinkles, when his youthful mourn in this line he uses lines as old age and wrinkles. However there is a major contrast His beauty shall in these black lines been seen is seen as text writing, the lines he writes in his poem to preserve the young mans life. Although in comparison there is a similarity in sonnet 19, Nor draw no lines there with thine antique pen, in such text both the age and wrinkles is described in this line with the image of drawing them on with an old pen. Therefore the image is represented in one line here whereas a contrast in two lines in sonnet 63. In sonnet 19 alliteration is used sorry seasons as thou fleetst to increase the pace and to give the image of swift time in progress. Whereas in sonnet 63 metaphorical language is used, Times injurious hand and treasure of his spring to describe the theme time. In both sonnets there is a change in tone. In sonnet 19 the tone changes during the second quatrain, But I forbid thee one most heinous crime, and also in sonnet 63 there is a turn in the couplet His beauty shall in these black lines be seen, And they shall live, and he in them still green. A sonnet is recognised as a poem that consists of fourteen lines split up into quatrains having ten syllables in each line and ends with a rhyming couplet. In sonnet 19 the first quatrain Shakespeare discusses the implications of the power of time and how nothing or no body can prevent this. In the second quatrain the mans beauty is displayed by imagery by Shakespeare and the third quatrain discusses the future generations and the persuasion and consequences of having children to extend his beauty. In sonnet 63 the first quatrain discusses the personification of time and strength towards beauty. .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 , .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .postImageUrl , .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 , .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377:hover , .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377:visited , .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377:active { border:0!important; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377:active , .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377 .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf145dab57caf23691e443181d839c377:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay ThesisThe second quatrain suggests the imagery of beauty similarly to sonnet 19s second quatrain. Finally the third quatrains a turn in the tome and suggests the theme is defence against time memories and death. In both sonnets there is a regular rhyme scheme using the iambic pentameter, there is a current flow in both sonnets with a theme connected to each quatrain. Concluding there is many similarities and differences between the two sonnets throughout imagery, intention, language and structure, mainly more comparisons and similarities rather than differences and contrasts.

Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship Essay Example

Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship Essay Women entrepreneurship is a business, which is headed by women. Women entrepreneurship has become a massive phenomenon in the twentieth century and was called the quiet revolution. In a postindustrial society, there were special preconditions for women entrepreneurship – the transition from commodity production to services, and a woman in such a situation was particularly demanded by society. The women’s social skills and psychological characteristics were demanded, especially the ability to generate new ideas in non-standard conditions, the ability to inspire confidence, intuition, etc. The most dynamic process of establishing women entrepreneurship could be seen in the United States, where more than 30% of small business was in the hands of women, and this number tends to increase. On a global dimension, women own more than one third of business and hire quarter of the workforce. In families with two working adults about one quarter of women earn more than their husbands. As negative factors for the development of women’s entrepreneurship we should mention gender discrimination, as well as (indicated, in particular, by psychologist Horner) â€Å"pattern of internal barriers† – a fear of leadership or fear of success. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women are afraid of negative evaluation by the close (or not close) males. Moreover, the fear of leadership is not only peculiar to adult women, which can be determined by the peculiarities of the female experience, but even to able, gifted girls. In addition, an important factor is the uncertainty of women self-confidence and low self-esteem, aggravated by the lack of necessary professional ambition. Another factor is the lack of a sufficient number of examples to follow. In general, the power of sex-role stereotyping continues is dominant, but that does not mean that in the future, due to the ongoing influx of women in business, it will not relent. The problem of women entrepreneurship in the world is quite extensively studied, particularly in terms of the need for state support for women entrepreneurship for economic prosperity. In the United States, the Section of female small business of the U.S. Congress is created, with which Congress passed the Act on Women’s Business (1988). The final report of the Department of new features, prepared by European explorers to the Commission of the European Communities, was focused on four objects: 1) the state of women’s entrepreneurship in the EU, 2) methodological approaches, the main features and typology of female entrepreneurship, 3) help to women entrepreneurs and their place in the common system to support new enterprises, 4) business and problems of equal opportunities for male and female entrepreneurs. To find the best way to prepare and outline your research proposal on women entrepreneurship, you are welcome to use free research papers on different topics. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Women Entrepreneurship topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Social Networking Service Essay Example

Social Networking Service Essay Example Social Networking Service Essay Social Networking Service Essay Essay Topic: The Social Contract A social networking service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, who, for example, share interests and/or activities. A social network service essentially consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. citation needed] The main types of social networking services are those which contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages) and a recommendation system linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, with Facebook and Twitter widely used worldwide, Nexopia (mostly in Canada);[1] Bebo,[2] VKontakte, Hi5, Hyves (mostly in The Netherlands), Draugiem. lv (mostly in Latvia), StudiVZ (mostly in Germany), iWiW (mostly in Hungary), Tuenti (mostly in Spain), Nasza-Klasa (mostly in Poland), Nyx. z (mostly in Czech Republic), iCubee (mostly in Philippines), Decayenne, Tagged, XING,[3] Badoo[4] and Skyrock in parts of Europe;[5] Orkut and Hi5 in South America and Central America;[6] and Friendster, Mixi, Multiply, Orkut, Wretch, renren and Cyworld in Asia and the Pacific Islands and LinkedIn and Orkut are very popular in India. There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests (see the FOAF standard and the Open Source Initiative). A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults used a social network. [7] History The potential for computer networking to facilitate new forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on. [8] Efforts to support social networks via computer-mediated communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet, ARPANET, LISTSERV, and bulletin board services (BBS). Many prototypical features of social networking sites were also present in online services such as America Online, Prodigy, and CompuServe. Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe. com (1995),[9] Geocities (1994) and Tripod. om (1995). Many of these early communities focused on bringing people together to interact with each other through chat rooms, and encouraged users to share personal information and ideas via personal webpages by providing easy-to-use publishing tools and free or inexpensive webspace. Some communities such as Classmates. com took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. In the late 1990s, user profiles became a central feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of friends and search for other users with similar interests. New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s, and many sites began to develop more advanced features for users to find and manage friends. [10] This newer generation of social networking sites began to flourish with the emergence of SixDegrees. com in 1997,[11] followed by Makeoutclub in 2000,[12][13], Friendster in 2002,[14] and soon became part of the Internet mainstream. Friendster was followed by MySpace and LinkedIn a year later, and finally, Bebo. Attesting to the rapid increase in social networking sites popularity, by 2005, MySpace was reportedly getting more page views than Google. Facebook,[15] launched in 2004, has since become the largest social networking site in the world. [16]Today, it is estimated that there are now over 200 active sites using a wide variety of social networking models. [citation needed] May 2011: Based on TNS research, the global average of who access daily the social networking sites accounts is 46 percent. [17] [edit]Social impacts Web based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders. 18] Through e-mail and instant messaging, online communities are created where a gift economy and reciprocal altruism are encouraged through cooperation. Information is particularly suited to gift economy, as information is a nonrival good and can be gifted at practically no cost. [19][20] Facebook and other social networking tools are increasingly the object of scholarly research. Scholars in many fields have begun to investigate the impact of social networking sites, investigating how such sites may play into issues of identity, privacy,[21] social capital, youth culture, and education. 22] Several websites are beginning to tap into the power of the social networking model for philanthropy. Such models provide a means for connecting otherwise fragmented industries and small organizations without the resources to reach a broader audience with interested users. [23] Social networks are providing a different way for individuals to communicate digitally. These communities of hypertexts allow for the sharing of information and ideas, an old concept placed in a digital environment. In 2011, HCL Technologies conducted research which showed that 50% of British employers had banned the use of social networking sites/services during office hours. [24] [25] [edit]Typical structure [edit]Basics Social networking sites share some conventional features. Most often, individual users are encouraged to create profiles containing various information about themselves. Users can often upload pictures of themselves to their profiles, post blog entries for others to read, search for other users with similar interests, and compile and share lists of contacts. In addition, user profiles often have a section dedicated to comments from friends and other users. To protect user privacy, social networks usually have controls that allow users to choose who can view their profile, contact them, add them to their list of contacts, and so on. In recent years, it has also become common for a wide variety of organizations to create profiles to advertise products and services. [edit]Additional features Some social networks have additional features, such as the ability to create groups that share common interests or affiliations, upload or stream live videos, and hold discussions in forums. Geosocial networking co-opts Internet mapping services to organize user participation around geographic features and their attributes. There is also a trend for more interoperability between social networks led by technologies such as OpenID and OpenSocial. Lately, mobile social networking has become popular. [citation needed] In most mobile communities, mobile phone users can now create their own profiles, make friends, participate in chat rooms, create chat rooms, hold private conversations, share photos and videos, and hare blogs by using their mobile phone. Some companies provide wireless services which allow their customers to build their own mobile community and brand it, but one of the most popular wireless services for social networking in North America is Facebook Mobile. [edit]Emerging trends in social networking As the increase in popularity of social networking is on a constant rise,[26] new uses for the technology are constantly being observed. At the forefront of emergi ng trends in social networking sites is the concept of real-time web and location based. Real time allows users to contribute content, which is then broadcasted as it is being uploaded the concept is analogous to live radio and television broadcasts. Twitter set the trend for real time services, where users can broadcast to the world what they are doing, or what is on their minds within a 140 character limit. Facebook followed suit with their Live Feed where users activities are streamed as soon as it happens. While Twitter focuses on words, Clixtr, another real time service, focuses on group photo sharing where users can update their photo streams with photos while at an event. Facebook, however, remains easily the greatest photo sharing site Facebook application and photo aggregator Pixable estimates that Facebook will have 100 billion photos by Summer 2011 [27]. Foursquare gained popularity as it allowed for users to check-in to places that they are frequenting at that moment. Gowalla is another such service which functions in much the same way that Foursquare does, leveraging the GPS in phones to create a location-based user experience. Clixtr, though in the real time space, is also a location based social networking site since events created by users are automatically geotagged, and users can view events occurring nearby through the Clixtr iPhone app. Recently, Yelp announced its entrance into the location based social networking space through check-ins with their mobile app; whether or not this becomes detrimental to Foursquare or Gowalla is yet to be seen as it is still considered a new space in the Internet technology industry. 28] One popular use for this new technology is social networking between businesses. Companies have found that social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are great ways to build their brand image. According to Jody Nimetz, author of Marketing Jive,[29] there are five major uses for businesses and social media: to create brand awareness, as an online reputation management tool, for recruiting, to learn about new technologies and competitors, and as a lead generation tool to inter cept potential prospects. 29] These companies are able to drive traffic to their own online sites while encouraging their consumers and clients to have discussions on how to improve or change products or services. One other use that is being discussed is the use of social networks in the science communities. Julia Porter Liebeskind et al. have published a study on how new biotechnology firms are using social networking sites to share exchanges in scientific knowledge. 30] They state in their study that by sharing information and knowledge with one another, they are able to increase both their learning and their flexibility in ways that would not be possible within a self-contained hierarchical organization. Social networking is allowing scientific groups to expand their knowledge base and share ideas, and without these new means of communicating their theories might become isolated and irrelevant. Social networks are also being used by teachers and students as a communication tool. Because many students are already using a wide-range of social networking sites, teachers have begun to familiarize themselves with this trend and are now using it to their advantage. Teachers and professors are doing everything from creating chat-room forums and groups to extend classroom discussion to posting assignments, tests and quizzes, to assisting with homework outside of the classroom setting. Social networks are also being used to foster teacher-parent communication. These sites make it possible and more convenient for parents to ask questions and voice concerns without having to meet face-to-face. Social networks are being used by activists as a means of low-cost grassroots organizing. Extensive use of an array of social networking sites enabled organizers of the 2009 National Equality March to mobilize an estimated 200,000 participants to march on Washington with a cost savings of up to 85% per participant over previous methods. [31] The use of online social networks by libraries is also an increasingly prevalent and growing tool that is being used to communicate with more potential library users, as well as extending the services provided by individual libraries. A final rise in social network use is being driven by college students using the services to network with professionals for internship and job opportunities. Many studies have been done on the effectiveness of networking online in a college setting, and one notable one is by Phipps Arabie and Yoram Wind published in Advances in Social Network Analysis. [32] [edit]Social network hosting service A social network hosting service is a web hosting service that specifically hosts the user creation of web-based social networking services, alongside related applications. Such services are also known as vertical social networks due to the creation of SNSes which cater to specific user interests and niches; like larger, interest-agnostic SNSes, such niche networking services may also possess the ability to create increasingly niche groups of users. [edit]Business model Few social networks currently charge money for membership. In part, this may be because social networking is a relatively new service, and the value of using them has not been firmly established in customers minds. citation needed] Companies such as MySpace and Facebook sell online advertising on their site. Their business model is based upon large membership count, and charging for membership would be counterproductive. [33] Some believe that the deeper information that the sites have on each user will allow much better targeted advertising than any other site can currently provide. [34] Social networks operate under an autonomous business model, in which a social networks members serve dual roles as both the suppliers and the consumers of content. This is in contrast to a traditional business model, where the suppliers and consumers are distinct agents. Revenue is typically gained in the autonomous business model via advertisements, but subscription-based revenue is possible when membership and content levels are sufficiently high. [35] [edit]Issues [edit]Privacy Privacy concerns with social networking services have been raised growing concerns amongst users on the dangers of giving out too much personal information and the threat of sexual predators. Users of these services also need to be aware of data theft or viruses. However, large services, such as MySpace and Netlog, often work with law enforcement to try to prevent such incidents. [citation needed] In addition, there is a perceived privacy threat in relation to placing too much personal information in the hands of large corporations or governmental bodies, allowing a profile to be produced on an individuals behavior on which decisions, detrimental to an individual, may be taken. Furthermore, there is an issue over the control of data- information that was altered or removed by the user may in fact be retained and/or passed to third parties. This danger was highlighted when the controversial social networking site Quechup harvested e-mail addresses from users e-mail accounts for use in a spamming operation. [36] In medical and scientific research, asking subjects for information about their behaviors is normally strictly scrutinized by institutional review boards, for example, to ensure that adolescents and their parents have informed consent. It is not clear whether the same rules apply to researchers who collect data from social networking sites. These sites often contain a great deal of data that is hard to obtain via traditional means. Even though the data are public, republishing it in a research paper might be considered invasion of privacy. [37] Privacy on social networking sites can be undermined by many factors. For example, users may disclose personal information, sites may not take adequate steps to protect user privacy, and third parties frequently use information posted on social networks for a variety of purposes. For the Net generation, social networking sites have become the preferred forum for social interactions, from posturing and role playing to simply sounding off. However, because such forums are relatively easy to access, posted content can be reviewed by anyone with an interest in the users personal information. [38][39][40] Following plans by the UK government to monitor traffic on social networks[41] schemes similar to E-mail jamming have been proposed for networks such as Twitter and Facebook. These would involve friending and following large numbers of random people to thwart attempts at network analysis. [edit]Data mining Through data mining, companies are able to improve their sales and profitability. With this data, companies create customer profiles that contain customer demographics and online behavior. A recent strategy has been the purchase and production of â€Å"network analysis software†. This software is able to sort out through the influx of social networking data for any specific company. [42] Facebook has been especially important to marketing strategists. Facebook’s controversial and new â€Å"Social Ads† program gives companies access to the millions of profiles in order to tailor their ads to a Facebook user’s own interests and hobbies. However, rather than sell actual user information, Facebook sells tracked â€Å"social actions†. That is, they track the websites a user uses outside of Facebook through a program called â€Å"Facebook Beacon†. [43] [edit]Notifications on websites There has been a trend for social networking sites to send out only positive notifications to users. For example sites such as Bebo, Facebook, and Myspace will not send notifications to users when they are removed from a persons friends list. Similarly Bebo will send out a notification if a user is moved to the top of another users friends list but no notification is sent if they are moved down the list. This allows users to purge undesirables from their list extremely easily and often without confrontation since a user will rarely notice if one person disappears from their friends list. It also enforces the general positive atmosphere of the website without drawing attention to unpleasant happenings such as friends falling out, rejection and failed relationships. [edit]Access to information Many social networking services, such as Facebook, provide the user with a choice of who can view their profile. This prevents unauthorized user(s) from accessing their information. [44] Parents who want to access their childs MySpace or Facebook account have become a big problem for teenagers who do not want their profile seen by their parents. By making their profile private, teens can select who may see their page, allowing only people added as friends to view their profile and preventing unwanted viewing of the profile by parents. Most teens are constantly trying to create a structural barrier between their private life and their parents. 45] To edit information on a certain social networking service account, the social networking sites require you to login or provide a password. This prevents unauthorized user(s) from adding, changing, or removing personal information, pictures, and/or other data. [edit]Potential for misuse The relative freedom afforded by social networking services has caused concern regarding the potential of its misuse by individual patrons. In October 2006, a fake Mysp ace profile created in the name of Josh Evans by Lori Janine Drew led to the suicide of Megan Meier. 46] The event incited global concern regarding the use of social networking services for bullying purposes In July 2008, a Briton, Grant Raphael, was ordered to pay a total of GBP ? 22,000 (about USD $44,000) for libel and breach of privacy. Raphael had posted a fake page on Facebook purporting to be that of a former schoolfriend Matthew Firsht, with whom Raphael had fallen out in 2000. The page falsely claimed that Firsht was homosexual and that he was dishonest. At the same time, genuine use of social networking services has been treated with suspicion on the ground of the services misuse. In September 2008, the profile of Australian Facebook user Elmo Keep was banned by the sites administrators on the grounds that it violated the sites terms of use. Keep is one of several users of Facebook who were banned from the site on the presumption that their names arent real, as they bear resemblance the names of characters like Sesame Streets Elmo. [47] [edit]Risk for child safety Citizens and governments have been concerned by a misuse by child and teenagers of social networking services, particularly in relation to online sexual predators. A certain number of actions have been engaged by governments to better understand the problem and find some solutions. [specify] A 2008 panel concluded that technological fixes such as age verification and scans are relatively ineffective means of apprehending online predators. [48] In May 2010, a child pornography social networking site with hundreds of members was dismantled by law enforcement. It was deemed the largest crimes against children case brought anywhere by anyone. [49] [edit]Trolling Main article: Troll (Internet) A common misuse of social networking sites such as Facebook is that it is occasionally used to emotionally abuse individuals. Such actions are often referred to as trolling. It is not rare for confrontations in the real world to be translated online. [citation needed] Trolling can occur in many different forms, such as (but not limited to) defacement of deceased person(s) tribute pages, name calling, playing online pranks on volatile individuals and controversial comments with the intention to cause anger and cause arguments. Trolling is not to be confused with cyber-bullying. edit]Online bullying Online bullying, also called cyber-bullying, is a relatively common occurrence and it can often result in emotional trauma for the victim. Depending on the networking outlet, up to 39% of users admit to being â€Å"cyber-bullied†. [50] Danah Boyd, a researcher of social networks quotes a teenager in her article, Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites. The teenager expresses frustrati on towards networking sites like MySpace because it causes drama and too much emotional stress. [51] There are not many limitations as to what individuals can post when online. Inherently individuals are given the power to post offensive remarks or pictures that could potentially cause a great amount of emotional pain for another individual. [edit]Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication has been a growing issue as more and more people have turned to social networking as a means of communication. Benniger (1987) describes how mass media has gradually replaced interpersonal communication as a socializing force. Further, social networking sites have become popular sites for youth culture to explore themselves, relationships, and share cultural artifacts. A Privacy Paradox Many teens and social networking users may be harming their interpersonal communication by using sites such as Facebook and MySpace. Stated by Baroness Greenfield, an Oxford University Neuroscientist, My fear is that these technologies are infantilizing the brain into the state of small children who are attracted by buzzing noises and bright lights, who have a small attention span and who live for the moment. [52] The convenience which social network sites give users to communicate with one another can also damage their interpersonal communication. Sherry Turkle, the founder and director of the MIT Initiative on Technology and Self, stated, â€Å"Networked, we are together, but so lessened are our expectations of each other that we feel utterly alone. And there is the risk that we come to see others as objects to be accessedand only for the parts we find useful, comforting, or amusing (Turkle 154). †[53] Furthermore, social network sites can create insincere friendships, Turkle also noted, â€Å"They nurture friendships on social-networking sites and then wonder if they are among friends. They become confused about companionship (Turkle 17). †[54] [edit]Psychological effects of social networking As social networking sites have risen in popularity over the past years, people have been spending an excess amount of time on social networking sites and on the Internet in general. The excessive amount of time that people spend on social networking sites has led researchers to debate the establishment of Internet addiction as an actual clinical disorder. [55] Social networking can also affect the extent to which a person feels lonely. In a Newsweek article, Johannah Cornblatt explains â€Å"Social-networking sites like Facebook and MySpace may provide people with a false sense of connection that ultimately increases loneliness in people who feel alone. † John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago, claims that social networking can foster feelings of sensitivity to disconnection, which can lead to loneliness. [56] [edit]Patents Number of US social network patent applications published per year and patents issued per year There has been rapid growth in the number of US patent applications that cover new technologies related to social networking. The number of published applications has been growing rapidly since 2003. There are now over 3500 published applications. As many as 7000 applications may be currently on file including those that havent been published yet. [57] Only about 400 [58] of these applications have issued as patents, however, largely due to the multi-year backlog in examination of business method patents and the difficulty in getting these patent applications allowed. [59] It has been reported that social networking patents are important for the establishment of new start-up companies. 60] It has also been reported, however, that social networking patents inhibit innovation. [61] On June 15, 2010, the United States Patent and Trademark Office awarded Amazon. com a patent for a Social Networking System based on its ownership of PlanetAll. [62] The patent describes a Social Networking System as A networked computer system provides various services for assisting users in locating, and establishing contact rela tionships with, other users. For example, in one embodiment, users can identify other users based on their affiliations with particular schools or other organizations. The system also provides a mechanism for a user to selectively establish contact relationships or connections with other users, and to grant permissions for such other users to view personal information of the user. The system may also include features for enabling users to identify contacts of their respective contacts. In addition, the system may automatically notify users of personal information updates made by their respective contacts. [63] The patent has garnered attention due to its similarity to the popular social networking site Facebook. 64] [edit]Investigations Main article: Use of social network websites in investigations Social networking services are increasingly being used in legal and criminal investigations. Information posted on sites such as MySpace and Facebook has been used by police (forensic profiling), probation, and university officials to prosecute users of said sites. In some situations, content posted on MySpace has been used in court. [65] Facebook is inc reasingly being used by school administrations and law enforcement agencies as a source of evidence against student users. The site, the number one online destination for college students, allows users to create profile pages with personal details. These pages can be viewed by other registered users from the same school which often include resident assistants and campus police who have signed up for the service. [66] One UK police force has sifted pictures from Facebook and arrested some people who had been photographed in a public place holding a weapon such as a knife (having a weapon in a public place is illegal). [67] [edit]Application domains [edit]Government applications Social networking is more recently being used by various government agencies. Social networking tools serve as a quick and easy way for the government to get the opinion of the public and to keep the public updated on their activity. The Centers for Disease Control demonstrated the importance of vaccinations on the popular childrens site Whyville and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has a virtual island on Second Life where people can explore underground caves or explore the effects of global warming. [68] Similarly, NASA has taken advantage of a few social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr. They are using these tools to aid the Review of U. S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee, whose goal it is to ensure that the nation is on a vigorous and sustainable path to achieving its boldest aspirations in space. [69] [edit]Business applications The use of social networking services in an enterprise context presents the potential of having a major impact on the world of business and work (Fraser Dutta 2008). Social networks connect people at low cost; this can be beneficial for entrepreneurs and small businesses looking to expand their contact bases. These networks often act as a customer relationship management tool for companies selling products and services. Companies can also use social networks for advertising in the form of banners and text ads. Since businesses operate globally, social networks can make it easier to keep in touch with contacts around the world. One example of social networking being used for business purposes is LinkedIn. com, which aims to interconnect professionals. LinkedIn has over 100 million users in over 200 countries. [70] Another is the use of physical spaces available to members of a social network such as Hub Culture, an invitation only social network for entrepreneurs, and other business influentials, with Pavilions in major cities such as London, UK. Having a physical presence allows members to network in the real world, as well as the virtual, adding extra business value. Applications for social networking sites have extended toward businesses and brands are creating their own, high functioning sites, a sector known as brand networking. It is the idea a brand can build its consumer relationship by connecting their consumers to the brand image on a platform that provides them relative content, elements of participation, and a ranking or score system. Brand networking is a new way to capitalize on social trends as a marketing tool. [edit]Dating applications See also: Online dating service. Many social networks provide an online environment for people to communicate and exchange personal information for dating purposes. Intentions can vary from looking for a one time date, short-term relationships, and long-term relationships. [71] Most of these social networks, just like online dating services, require users to give out certain pieces of information. This usually includes a users age, gender, location, interests, and perhaps a picture. Releasing very personal information is usually discouraged for safety reasons. [72] This allows other users to search or be searched by some sort of criteria, but at the same time people can maintain a degree of anonymity similar to most online dating services. Online dating sites are similar to social networks in the sense that users create profiles to meet and communicate with others, but their activities on such sites are for the sole purpose of finding a person of interest to date. Social networks do not necessarily have to be for dating; many users simply use it for keeping in touch with friends, and colleagues. [73] However, an important difference between social networks and online dating services is the fact that online dating sites usually require a fee, where social networks are free. [74] This difference is one of the reasons the online dating industry is seeing a massive decrease in revenue due to many users opting to use social networking services instead. Many popular online dating services such as Match. om, Yahoo Personals, and eHarmony. com are seeing a decrease in users, where social networks like MySpace and Facebook are experiencing an increase in users. [75] The number of Internet users in the U. S. that visit online dating sites has fallen from a peak of 21% in 2003 to 10% in 2006. [76] Whether its the cost of the services, the variety of users with different intentions, or any other reason, it is undeniable that social networking sites are qu ickly becoming the new way to find dates online. [edit]Educational applications The National School Boards Association reports that almost 60 percent of students who use social networking talk about education topics online and, surprisingly, more than 50 percent talk specifically about schoolwork. Yet the vast majority of school districts have stringent rules against nearly all forms of social networking during the school day - even though students and parents report few problem behaviors online. Social networks focused on supporting relationships between teachers and their students are now used or learning, educator professional development, and content sharing. Ning for teachers, Learn Central,[77] TeachStreet and other sites are being built to foster relationships that include educational blogs, eportfolios, formal and ad hoc communities, as well as communication such as chats, discussion threads, and synchronous forums. These sites also have content sharing and rating features. Social networks are also emerging as online yearbooks, both public and private. One such service is MyYearbook which allows anyone from the general public to register and connect. A new trend emerging are private label yearbooks only accessible by students, parents and teachers of a particular school similar to Facebook beginning within Harvard. [citation needed] [edit]Finance applications The use of virtual currency systems inside social networks create new opportunities for global finance. Hub Culture operates a virtual currency Ven used for global transactions among members, product sales[78] and financial trades in commodities and carbon credits. [79] [80] In May 2010, Carbon pricing contracts were introduced to the weighted basket of currencies and commodities that determine the floating exchange value of Ven. The introduction of carbon to the calculation price of the currency made Ven the first and only currency that is linked to the environment. [81] [edit]Medical applications Social networks are beginning to be adopted by healthcare professionals as a means to manage institutional knowledge, disseminate peer to peer knowledge and to highlight individual physicians and institutions. The advantage of using a dedicated medical social networking site is that all the members are screened against the state licensing board list of practitioners. 82] The role of social networks is especially of interest to pharmaceutical companies who spend approximately 32 percent of their marketing dollars attempting to influence the opinion leaders of social networks. [83] A new trend is emerging with social networks created to help its members with various physical and mental ailments. [84] For people suffering from life altering diseases, PatientsLikeMe offers its members the chance to connect with others dealing with similar issues and research patient data related to their condition. For alcoholics and addicts, SoberCircle gives people in recovery the ability to communicate with one another and strengthen their recovery through the encouragement of others who can relate to their situation. DailyStrength is also a website that offers support groups for a wide array of topics and conditions, including the support topics offered by PatientsLikeMe and SoberCircle. SparkPeople offers community and social networking tools for peer support during weight loss. [edit]Social and political applications Social networking sites have recently showed a value in social and political movements. In the Egyptian revolution, Facebook and Twitter both played a pivotal role in keeping people connected to the revolt. Egyptian activist have credited social networking sites with providing a platform for planning protest and sharing news from Tahrir Square in real time. By presenting a platform for thousands of people to instantaneously share videos of mainly events featuring brutality, social networking proves to be a vital tool in revolutions.

Stakeholder analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stakeholder analysis - Essay Example 4. Government –the organizations works with the local government of North Carolina. The identification of the stakeholders has been carried out based on what they do in the organization (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006, p. 9). This information was analyzed in the following ways: collected using observation method, then sampled using systematic method and then reported utilizing the tabular form below. B). The stakeholders have been classified depending on what they bring to the table and their contribution to the whole organization. This is not more of an assumption on the first two classifications; that is the members and the management. The assessment here is that; for the management they make the decisions that involve the everyday activities of the company. For the members, these are the women who benefit from what the organization is doing at the given time (Jigna 2011, p. 12). Looking at what the organization does, one learns that the projects that they do are; physical activity buddy programs, cooking club education, fruit and vegetable purchases at a discount, increased access to produce vendors and increase access to places for physical activity. This means that the organization needs other stakeholders, such as gym owners and vendors, these are the stakeholders that are identified for the last classification of stakeholders above. Jigna D. (2011): Development of the Oxford Hills Healthy Moms Project using a social marketing process: a community-based physical activity and nutrition intervention for low-socioeconomic-status mothers in a rural area in Maine. Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina in Greensboro, Greensboro, USA retrieved on May 17, 2015. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2006). Healthy People 2010 midcourse review. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention

HIV and AIDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HIV and AIDS - Research Paper Example The HIV takes control of the white cells once inside to make it function as a manufacturing base for viruses instead or the CD4+ T cells, hence lowering the immune system while increasing the viral load in the blood. The HIV and AIDs has no cure and people should focus on working towards suppressing the HIV mutation and not be overwhelmed by existing myths of cure. There are several means of transmission, distinguished into blood exposure, child delivery and breast feeding, and sexual contact among others, except the confusing beliefs. HIV infection develops into 4 stages before transforming into AIDs; they are both related diseases that could be treated from further advancement by prevention means, for the victim to live a longer healthier life. Keywords: HIV, Aids, CD4+ T Cells, Viral Load, Victim, Opportunistic Illnesses, Transmission, Blood Contact, Sexual Intercourse, Virus, Prevention, Treatment, Antiretroviral, CD4 Counts Introduction HIV and AIDs has been one critical health concern area that clinical and scientific researchers have invested resources in and continue to make progress in research. It is no longer a national agenda, but the effects of the disease have called for global governance to assist in preventing further spread. Until now, there are many people who do not seem to get the concept between the two diseases, and as a result, several myths have been coined within the social settings, some inflicting fear, discouragement, and stigmatization. HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency virus, while AIDs is Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; the two diseases are related and known to destroy part of the immune system, specifically the white blood cell (T lymphocyte), cells that are concerned in fighting diseases and germs in the body ( â€Å"HIV hurts† 2013, para. 1). Through the diseases, many in the global population have been infected and definitely affected as many die leaving orphans and their loved ones unexpectedly. According to em edicinehealth, â€Å"approximately 40 million people are living with HIV infections, and estimated 25 million have died from this disease† (2013, para. 1). They are diseases that spread like a plaque and are known to have no cure, meaning their treatment is just mere prevention of further advancement into dangerous stages. HIV and AIDs history Researchers trace the origin of the diseases in Africa as a transmission from chimpanzees, after the blood contacts of the two animals (chimpanzee and human). The historical means of the African population for survival was through hunting and gathering, hence the blood contact is thought to have occurred either in butchering or hunting for food. AIDs was the first to be detected (around 1981) among people, especially the gay and bisexual men, one being diagnosed to have AIDs after developing some of the opportunistic infections and cancers that were uncommon for people with healthy immune system (Gallant, 2012, p. 16). This means that t he HIV virus was already in the infected people and had developed to advanced stages to be called AIDs; simply because the virus had not yet been discovered to limit its growth and develop treatment. After the discovery of HIV, it became possible to distinguish the two, such that if one is tested and found to have the virus, then he/she is termed