Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Reporting Practices and Ethics EssayFinancial practices and ethics can play an important part of every organization including the wellness c atomic number 18 environment. In order for the health plow organization to be successful one must(prenominal) adopt an efficient monetary practice and possess ethical standards. The solicitude of finances for a health care organization may be a challenge for theater directors. This is why the health care manager will follow four basic elements for fiscal management. The basic elements include planning, controlling, organizing and directing, and decision making (Baker Baker, 2011). Health Care Organizations have write up principles generally acceptable and will stick with with the financial practice and the practice of ethics to avoid fraud or abuse of the report practices. Elements of Financial direction Financial management has four basic elements, which assist the manager in making effective decisions for the health care organiza tion. The first element of financial management is planning. The financial manager needs to identify the ill-uses that he or she needs to take to accomplish the addresss of the organization.However, first the manager must determine what the goal is for the organization and at that time determine what steps to follow to achieve the goal. The next element is controlling a plan is in place that severally area of the organization must follow. The financial manager must take in that the areas are following such plans. The staff can view the current reports and set a comparison with reports from the past. In comparing previous and current reports the financial manager can see if an area in the organization needs much attention because the area may not be meeting its goals.The third element is organizing and directing. In organizing the financial manager must decide on what resources are best to use to be more effective. The manager must also determine how to use those resources effe ctively to reach the goal of the organization. In directing, the manager must provide supervision daily to run the organizing element efficiently. The final element is decision making. The manager must make decisions with the alternatives available such as tuition in the reports.Decision making should be side-by-side with planning, controlling, and organizing. When making a decision the manager must analyze and evaluate the nurture to make effective decisions (Baker Baker, 2011). unimpeachable Accounting Principles Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) provides guidelines to the companys financial manager. The guidelines will cover the principles of accounting and practices. The generally accepted accounting principles guideline, guides the financial manager in the reporting and recording the financial information.For example, the financial manager will use the guidelines when preparing the financial statements such as the balance sheet. One health care organizations p ractice for releasing financial information will perform a practice of reconciliation in accounting. One organization reviews the balance sheets and makes them compatible as one. The next step is to determine the classification of each balance sheet such as high risk or low risk. The final step is the organization must decide a reporting schedule such as monthly or yearly.In knowing and understanding the documents and how to analyze the information this prevents an auditor from finding misstatements (Cox, Draa, 2008). Standard Financial Ethics Making an ethical decision is a requirement of health care managers. One must ensure the meeting of needs of individuals within the organization. Principles of ethics include fairness, justice, and professionalism. The organization possesses a code of ethics when interpreting the organizations transactions such as losses or assets.The Health Care Portability and Accountability Act help reduce abuse and fraud concerning finances whether it is d eliberate or unintentional. Fraud and abuse is increasing because of the enlarge in the delivery of health care. Organizations take better actions in working toward the reduction of fraud and abuse. One way to do this is to develop a abidance program, which a financial manager will play a key role. Compliance programs allow a proper practice on reporting the financials, and comply with the ethical conduct standard by avoiding fraud and abuse (Hern, n.d. ).Conclusion For an organization to be successful it needs to ensure the following of the financial reporting practices and maintain a standard of conduct ethically. The organization should follow the basic elements of financial management. When an organization follows the steps in the correct order there is slight of a medical prognosis the organization will receive an audit. As long as the organization follows the generally accepted accounting principles there is less chance of an audit, and less of a chance of fraud or abuse w hen reporting the finances. References.Baker, J. Baker, R. (2011). Health care finance Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed. ). Sudbury, MA Jones Bartlett Publishers Cox, B. , Draa, M. (2008). plump for to basics with account reconciliations. Business Finance, 14(6), 38-38. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/211076250? accountid=35812 Hern, W. (n. d. ). Corporate compliance is a necessity, not an option healthcare financial managers role in helping their organizations prevent financial fraud. Retrieved from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3257/is_n1_v51/ai_19146070.

Of Mice And Men Characters Essay Example for Free

Of Mice And Men Characters EssayIn Of Mice And Men, solely the characters apply different problems, whether they are physical, mental or personal. Although the two characters who I feel have the most problems are Crooks and George.Crooks, the black stable buck is forever being pick on by the other(a) men at the ranch, mostly because of his colour. In the time in which the book was set, black people in America were thought of as lower than flannel people. At the ranch, Crooks merchantmannot live in the bunk-house with all the other men, except he has to sleep in the harness way, at the back of the barn. In this room he is surrounded by all the unused horse tack, and therefore has hardly any space for his personal belongings.Crooks is given no privacy, and modernises quite cross because he is not allowed to enter the bunk-house but the other men can just walk into his room. In the book he says to Lennie, Youve no right to come into my room, nil got any right in here but me . After he has talked to Lennie for a while, he starts to enjoy having someone to talk to, because when he is in his room by himself, there is no one he can talk with. I think that he likes talking to Lennie because he realized that Lennie is slow, so Crooks can say what he wants and Lennie will not remember anything.To get the other men back for teasing him, he becomes very sour when they enter his room, and as he passes the other men he ignores them, as a pay back for the names they call him. Although I do feel that Crooks gets extremely lonely. totally day long he is on his own, he cannot work because he has a crooked back, from once being kicked by a horse, so he has to stay behind at the ranch and generally look after the place. When he was abused by Curley, he cannot answer back, because Curley is the Boss son, and he knows that if he gets fired, he will probably not get another job because of his disability.The other man who I think has a lot of problems is George. He has to sign on Lennie with him everywhere, although, Lennie often gets into trouble and this gets George into trouble too. Without Lennie around him George could have such a good life, God almighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and work, an no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come, I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want. This shows that without Lennie with him, causing trouble, he could keep a good job, and spend his time in the way he wants to, without having to think about anyone else.Although I do think that George likes Lennie, as he is always there to talk to and to share dreams with, they are obviously very close, but George does get annoyed with him, specially because Lennie finds it hard to remember things, such as where they are traveling to. Although he does seem to remember every bad word George says about him. When George talks of the subatomic place theyre going to get, his face lights up and he really enjoys seeing Lennie happy and even though George is stuck with Lennie, he still likes having him there. When George is talking to Slim, in the book, he tries to cover up for Lennies mistakes in Weed, as he knows that Lennie would never hurt anyone on purpose.At the end of the book when George shoots Lennie he knew that he had to kill him. I think that partly the reason for this is because George knows that Lennie will be shot any way, but if he did it, it would be out of love and protection, and not revenge and hatred. George excessively knows that he cannot go on with Lennie, always running away from some kind of trouble that Lennie has caused, and the incident at the ranch was probably the last straw. start of the two men described, I think that the person with the most problems is George. In the first part of the book, he always had Lennie with him, making things very difficult for him to have any privacy or time for himself. Lennie prevented him from ever keeping a job, and this often got him into trouble. At the end of the book, when George shot Lennie, he felt awful, because he was kill his best, and probably only friend. George would always live with the memory of Lennie, and the memory of how he shot him. All throughout the book George was telling Lennie that the other guys on these ranches unravel from place to place, having nobody. Now George would be like these other guys, but before he and Lennie.I think that George has more problems than Crooks, because in America in those times, all black people were treated lower than whites. Crooks cannot help this problem, because wherever he goes, he would receive the same kind of abuse. Another disadvantage Crooks has, is his crooked back, but again, he cannot help this so he did not create the problem. I feel very sorry for George, as he and Lennie have been through so much together, at some times, he wished that he never had to stay with Lennie, but now everything it over for him and he wants Le nnie back.

Health Care System In Uae Health And Social Care Essay

Health C ar System In Uae Health And fond Care EssayHealth economic aid is essential for any economy regardless of its size since it directly affects the workforce. The workforce in turn influences output and income clear by the political sympathies from taxes and foreign exchange. The substantiallyness do by sector should thus receive a substantial proportion of the budgetary expenditure if a commonwealth is to achieve high growth and weakenment levels. The UAE is one of the most influential countries in the Middle East and it shapes the economic and political sphere in this continent. Although it is a dominant country in the Middle East, it faces many another(prenominal) challenges in its wellness sustenance system which threatens to demoralise its growth and harbourment. Several interventions should be taken to coer that this nation does non lose its influence in the Middle East due to problems in the wellness care sector, which may affect its growth and developm ent.This root will show that UAE faces challenges such as limitation in the number of specialists and blows, down in the mouth skills possess by nursemaids and sorry stipend of employees who work for g all overnment hospitals. In order to address these concerns, more wellness care professionals should be trained and schools build for students who are interested in the checkup field. In addition, foreign workers in health care facilities should be thoroughly vetted to ensure that they possess skills needed by patients. In order to motivate employees in the health care sector, their salaries and allowances should be subjoind, and their working environments improved through with(predicate) equipping hospitals with drugs, equipment and health care specialists. This will improve the boilersuit quality of health care provided in the UAE.IntroductionThe health care sector is one of the most all-important(prenominal) sectors in any nation and it directly affects the economic growt h and development of all nations. This is due to the mind that if the population has poor health, the productivity from individual workers decreases and this in turn reduces output from industries and firms. This in turn results in lower GDP, lower taxes earned by disposal and lower income earned from exports. Many health care systems across the world face challenges due to an increase in number of people who seek health care and the limitation of resources available. There has been an increase in diseases, both communicable and terminal illnesses. In addition, unhealthy life bolts and poor dietary habits have led to an increase in diseases such as diabetes, heart illnesses and high blood pressure, across the world. It is therefrom important that different health care systems are assessed and their weaknesses exposed in order to improve the quality of health care grooming.The UAE faces some challenges in its health care answer delivery. These weaknesses include a shortage of sp ecialists and nurses. Others include low quality of skills by nurses and low motivation levels among health care stakeholders. This has led to poor service delivery and man patients are opting to pursue health care services abroad. Many specialists are also taking jobs abroad since they perceive remuneration in UAE to be low. These factors have an economic electric shock of loss of tax revenue enhancement enhancement by the government, increase in comprise of health care and opportunity cost of seeking local health care services. This paper will take apart the health care industry in the United Arab Emirates. Various weaknesses inherent in the system will be converseed from an economic point of view. These weaknesses will be compared to other successful hospitals across the world in order to develop effective interventions to solve them. Recommendations will then be made on actions which the UAE government, in collaboration with the reclusive sector and internationalist par tners, has to take to improve the quality of health care readying. The incentives which should be given to change the behavior of UAE health care stakeholders will also be given at the end of the paper. The discussed issues will be summarized.Problems and solutionsIntroductionThere are different problems which are present in the UAE health care system as earlier stated. These problems include lacking(predicate) distribution ratio of nurses to patients and the presence of low skilled nurses. These problems lead to dissatisfaction with service provision amongst the UAE population, and this results in many patients seeking treatment afield. Over 70% of residents in UAE seek treatment overseas when faced with life-threatening ailments. This leads to losses to both health care providers and the government, which loses a substantial income from taxes. In addition, sometimes the government supports patients who seek treatment overseas and this increases the costs incurred by the gover nment. For instance, in 2009, the UAE government spent over 280 million dirham to cover overseas costs of 530 patients (Porter Teisberg, 2006). This figure is even higher when military patients are included. When the government spends this amount of money on overseas treatment, economic losses include opportunity costs of payment from patients to health practitioners, loss of tax revenue by the government and direct expenses paid for the medical cost. It is therefore imperative that steps are taken to redo the confidence which nationals of the UAE have in the health care system. This part of the paper will discuss individual problems in the provision of health care in the UAE. The solutions to the problems faced will be discussed after discussing the problems. pitiful distribution ratio of nurses to patientsThe international delightful standards in health care provision advocates for a bed capacity to nurses ratio of 11 in areas which are considered critical to health care. The incumbent ratio present in the UAE is in fact 15. This means that one nurse takes care of four patients simultaneously. According to Zain and Libo, (2008), although the internationally recognized nurse to patient ration in the ICU is 15, there are several hospitals in Dubai which have higher nurse to patient ratios. For instance, the Al Baraha hospital has a nurse to patient ratio of 110 in general wards, and in the ICU, this ratio is 14. In addition, it has 100 doctors and 200 nurses provided it receives 13 new born babies, 250 emergency patients and 650 outpatients in a daily basis. This shows the problem facing the hospital as far as the shortage of nurses is concerned.This is not acceptable, especially in critical areas of health care. This is due to the reason that increasing the workload of nurses has adverse impacts on health care provision. These include increasing jeopardy of spread of infection as nurses urgently try to put down tasks, increasing risk of error due to fa tigue, increasing occupational injuries due to rush to complete tasks, increasing risk of error when filling incident reports and increasing turnover rate due to excessive work and few promotions. This would eventually reduce the overall quality of health care, which adversely affects the health of the population and workforce. This would in turn reduce productivity and economic growth and development in the UAE. In addition, inadequate staff may make patients lose confidence in the health care provision and seek alternative health options such as over the counter medication, herbal medicine and others. Some of these methods may further aggravate their illnesses.In order to solve this problem, the UAE government should increase its investment in health care. The current proportion of budget spent on health care in the UAE is approximately 9%. For a sector which has a huge impact on a countrys growth and development, UAE spends too little on health. It should increase this proportio n to over 15% in order to offer for the needs of hiring new nurses and expanding health care infrastructure. The US, which is a larger economy, spent 17% of its GDP in 2009 on health care. More nurses should be chartered to improve the nurse to patient ratio. In addition, more medical schools would be built to train more health care practitioners who would cater for the expanding health care needs. This will reduce the risks earlier discussed and improve the overall quality of health care in the UAE.Low skilled nursesMany nurses who work in the UAE are either under qualified or in possession of little experience, which affects their health care provision. This is ca employd by many factors and one of them is the shortage of nurses and the unfavorable nurse to patient ratio. Due to this shortage, cheap labor is sought from foreign countries such as Philippines and India. When this happens, it is difficult to fully ascertain the levels of skills held by these professionals, and most end up having low nursing skills. In addition, little or no professional training in nursing is given to such health care professionals. As a result, the few nurses present in the UAE do not possess the skills considerd to deal with the many health care needs of the population. This leads to provision of poor and low quality health care, which makes the population unhealthy. Nurses with poor professional skills are more prone to errors, which may even end up being bootleg to patients.In order to deal with the problem of low skills among nurses, several interventions ought to be taken. The first is a review of skills and experience possessed by nurses who come from overseas to work in the UAE. Their academic qualifications and experience should be corroborated, and the quality of health care institutions they worked for assessed before they are employed in UAE hospitals. In order to develop superior nursing skills among UAE residents, the government ought to increase its budgetary allocation to the health care sector in order to build more nursing institutions which would develop more nurses (Oxford Business Group, 2008). The private sector and international partners should collaborate when building these nursing schools and training new nurses in order for improve the quality of skills possessed by nurses. According to City data website (2010), this strategy has already proved to be successful in Bangkok. Due to investment in training of nurses and use of technology, the health care delivery has improved and this has translated into direct benefits to the population. The life expectancy has increased by over 10 years during the last three decades.Inadequate number of specialistsThis is a third problem which faces the UAE health care industry. There are a large number of general doctors but few specialists amongst the population. most(prenominal) large hospitals have over 100 doctors but the number of specialists is usually less than 10. This limits the effe ctiveness of health care provision since many patients nowadays require specialized health care needs. The increase in chronic diseases such as corporationcer, heart problems and brain disorders has made it necessary to increase the number of specialists in these fields. In the current case, where there are few specialists, the specialist to patient ratio is very large. This may cause similar problems caused by overburdening nurses with responsibilities. In addition, it increases the costs of treating illnesses which require specialized care since the few specialists may charge high prices due to their high demand. The overall effect of having few specialists is increase in cost of health care, inability of the population to access specialized care and increase in errors made by specialists due to high work load. All these factors undermine the UAE health care provision industry.In order to solve this problem, training of specialists is required, so that they may offer their servic es to patients who require them. The government should collaborate with international partners and the private sector to build more schools where health care specialists are trained. These medical schools should be well equipped in order to ensure that specialists have the expertise and knowledge needed to discharge their duties effectively (Crichton, 2000). Since the cost of training health care specialists is high, the government should subsidize the costs of pursuing education on certain areas of health care. The population should be encouraged to pursue knowledge on certain areas which have very few specialists such as neurology.Incentives which should be given to health care practitionersThere are various incentives which should be given to doctors and nurses in order to increase their motivation levels. These incentives alter them to be well motivated and to increase their output as far as caring for patients is concerned. These incentives will be discussed belowBetter remun erationThere have been complaints from many health care practitioners in the UAE that the salaries and benefits they receive are not commensurate to the efforts they put in their assignments. As is common in many countries, many government health practitioners have complained that professionals working in private practice are earning significantly higher salaries and benefits than them. This lowers their morale and productivity since according to the expectancy theory by Vroom, employees only work harder when they are sure that their expectations regarding remuneration and other needs, will be realized (Beach, 2007). This can be seen by the large number of health care specialists who are moving to the US and Europe to offer their services to these countries. In order to increase their motivation levels, their salaries and benefits should be increased and matched to those of specialists in private practice. This will ensure that health care professionals are motivated and they will i ncrease the quality of services they give.Better working environmentsIn order for doctors and nurses to be able to work effectively, they should be provided with the latest equipment, drugs and training. This alters them to provide high quality health care to the population. The government should ensure that all hospitals have enough staff in order to improve the nurse to patient ratio. There should also be enough specialists and equipment and drugs used by patients. In any organization, organizational last plays a role in motivating employees (Murray, 2005). The organizational culture should be therefore conducive for employees, since this will motivate them into increasing their output. The management should ensure that employees are involved in decision making, are given independence when working and that they are encouraged to work as a team. There should be an uninterrupted flow of information between the lower level employees and the management. The management should use th e democratic leadership style since this is the most effective in achieving employee motivation (Bratton, et. al., 2004). This style involves employees in making decisions which affect their duties. Finally, there should be conflict resolution mechanisms which will avoid workplace conflicts. This will ensure that the quality of service provision improves.Incentive for patientsIt has been discussed that due to the challenges which the health care sector in the UAE faces, many patients are beginning to lose confidence in the health care system. It is therefore necessary to provide certain incentives which will restore confidence in the health acre system. One way of doing this is improving the patient to nurse ratio. This has been discussed in situation above when dealing with challenges in the UAE health care industry. Increasing the number of nurses will ensure that patients receive better quality of health acre and this will restore their faith in the system. Another incentive is the increase in quality of skills possessed by nurses. This will enable nurses to provide better services to patients, and this can be achieved through re-training them and vetting them before they are employed. Finally, patients should be provided with score cards which reveal their satisfaction with service provision in hospitals. This measure will enable hospitals to acquire feedback from their patients and they will be able to improve upon areas which they are considered to be weak (Carver Scheier, 2001). It has proven to be successful in many hospitals in Thailand and it is march to be similarly successful in the UAE. This measure will increase the quality of health care provided.Summary and conclusionThere are various aspects of the UAE health care system which have been discussed in the paper. UAE has been seen to have challenges such as few number of specialists, low nurse to patient ratio, lower remuneration of health care stakeholders and poor skills by nurses. These eff ects have been discussed to lower the motivation of employees and as a result, they are likely to make errors or perform poor quality assignments. This in turn makes patient lose confidence in local health care provision and some seek health care services overseas. Some health care professionals also look for employment overseas as a result. When this happens, the UAE government loses tax revenue. It also ends up paying for patients overseas treatment which leads to economic losses such as lost opportunity costs of payment from patients to health practitioners, loss of tax revenue by the government and direct expenses paid for the medical cost.In order to solve these problems which are affecting the UAE healthcare service provision, several steps should be taken by the UAE government in collaboration with the private sector and international partners. The first involves better remuneration of employees in the health care industry. The stakeholders in the health care industry should set new remuneration which matches that from the private practice. The second step involves building of medical schools and paying for educational needs of students to enable them pursue various medical fields. This will increase the skills and number of health car professionals, which is a major challenge in UAE. The third intervention is screen all health care professionals from foreign countries before they begin working in the UAE in order to ensure that they have adequate skills.Although these interventions are important in improving the overall quality of healthcare provision in the UAE, it is similarly useful to provide incentives to stakeholders in the health care sector in order to improve service provision. Health care employees should receive higher remuneration in order to increase motivation. Their work environment should also be conducive and the organizational culture should feature teamwork, independence, communication, conflict resolution and other important factor s (Mugisho, 2007). Patients on the other hand can be motivated through improving the skills and increasing number of nurses and specialists since this will encourage them to have faith in the health care system. Feedback should be sourced through score cards, where patients rate service provided to them. This will enable the management improve the weaknesses of the processes. These interventions will encourage patients to seek local health services and this will increase government income and tax revenue thereby leading to higher economic growth and development.

The Brand Positioning Of The Organization Marketing Essay

The Brand Positioning Of The Organization Marketing EssayBrand equity is the intangible asset that the consumer associates with a product. We can determine it through monetary impact of the product, sucker extensions and consumer attitude. Zara garments were not designed and manucircumstanceured to be highly durable or classic clothes that would always be in style. They ar described as clothes to be worn ten clock and yet they contributed more than 70% of the Inditex group sales. This is a vital statistic considering that Inditex group have gots cardinal other air brands. With regards to brand extensions the Zara brand was successfully used to launch Zara Home in 2003. Zara Home was well received and has grown internationally to sop up a presence in 23 countries and 250 pedigrees (Matassa, 2008). Additionally Zaras strong brand equity can be manifested through its consumers attitude. This is clearly shown by Zaras global amount of 17 visits per customer per year compared to the three visits per year received by its competitors. That is an avowal of huge brand loyalty.Brand location refers to the targeted consumers preference to buy your brand instead of others. Zara has been able to carve out its own niche through cost leadership as the high-end fashion product at a rational terms. If we compare Zaras prices to those of its major competitors such as Benetton, Gap and HM it is far cheaper yet as fashionable. Zara has been able to develop a sustainable competitive profit through its shortened affix chain response that enables it to consistently move a design from conception through to production then into its dissemination centers in as little as three weeks. This has largely contributed in setting Zaras service apart from its competitors. In fact, 75% of the merchandise in an average Zara enclose is changed over duration of three to four weeks. Zara customers are therefore aware that if they have it away a garment they like, they have to go and purchase it on the spot because it might not be there on their next visit.Discuss the brand strategy of the government activityFrom Zara we can identify the broad strategies applied to modify the brand being as follows the marketing mix, its people, short lead times and scarce supply. However, that is not to say that the Zara brands success lay solely on the mentioned factors. The organization as a whole has been able to clearly-define its brand values and allowed them to permeate throughout the entire organization. Zara has a distinct ownership for management of the brand chasten from the top management level. This has meant that critical activities such as sales, operations, customer service, product development and others are made use of in supporting the whole organizations strategic management process (Kotler Armstrong, 2009).The marketing mix is represented by the traditional 4Ps product, price, place and promotion. With regards to product, the Zara strategy has been to a nticipate the latest fashion in apparel and to offer them before other competitors. Secondly, the garments are manufactured to be non-durable so as to prompt the consumer not to store them in their wardrobes but to wear them and to visit Zara shops often for replenishment. Thirdly, the smart set ensures that its stores have a wide variety of products because each store receives new-fashioned products at least twice per week. Clothes that have low require are quickly spotted, removed and replaced by new trendier designs such that customers are always spoilt for choice.This product appeal is incrementd by the lower price that Zara charges in comparison to competing brands such as Gap, Benetton and HM. Zara has been able to use its low cost leadership as a sustainable competitive advantage to corroborate its brand positioning. The company operates using a vertical supply chain which covers all phases of the fashion process from design to manufacture to logistics to distribution and finally to its own retail stores (Matassa, 2008). The price attribute of Zaras products is lowered here by the fact that the company can minimise its inventory costs through use of just-in-time manufacturing. Also, the fact that Zara owns 90% of its retail stores implies that it is able to make the 50-60% gross margins that retailers make. This increases profitability for the brand which helps to sustain the low prices offered.The other component of the marketing mix that Zara uses well deep down its brand strategy is place. Here we encounter two very key considerations, the location of its stores and the distribution system being utilised. Zara stores are deliberately located on the best-known streets in a selected citys prime retail district. This is to make the brand visible to as many of its targeted market as possible speckle sour the need for traditional advertising. According to Schewe and Hiam (1998) place also covers aspects such as market coverage, logistics and dis tribution and service levels. Zara has a high-tech distribution system with distribution centers centrally located from its manufacturing plants. Different stores are also supplied with different products depending on their requirements and assessed demand. The efficiency of the distribution system is so high that along the entire Zara supply chain it is difficult to find inventory. Products flow quickly, and without stopping, from factories to distribution centers to stores, where they are put immediately on the sales floor. This distribution system is heavily reliant on Zaras effective communications and information technology infrastructure.When it comes to the final P of marketing, promotion we witness one of the biggest differences between Zara and its competitors. Zara spends approximately 0.3% of sales on advertising while its competitors spend on average 3 4% of sales on advertising. The company prefers its marketing promotion to be done by word of sass and from the appeal of its stores. Word of mouth has proved to be more effective for Zara than advertising or using celebrities has been for its competitors. Zara stores are laid out to dazzle. The store racks, the window displays and store layout are designed and tested at the headquarters in La Coruna before being deployed to all stores. This is done every four to pentad years. To ensure consistency the team from La Coruna is the one that does the redesigning at all company-owned stores. This is meant to attract customers inside the stores, and once in to display the fabrics, colors and designs to the best effect. The company also has a stylish and modern website from where customers can view or download the latest Zara catalogue.Other factors that we had mentioned earlier that Zara utilizes to enhance its brand equity and positioning are its short lead times and scarce supply of apparel. Small and public shipments keep product inventories fresh and scarce thus compelling customers to frequent th e store in search of whats new and to buy now because next time they come they will not find that item. This is one of the core reasons wherefore globally Zara has an industry high average of 17 visits per customer per year compared to three visits per customer per year for its competitors. The short lead times for products from factory to store sales floor ensure that Zara is able to react quickly to fashion trends. This differs from the method preferred by its competitors. Most fashion brands prefer predicting fashion to reacting to fashion. Reacting to fashion trends is less likely to fail than predicting if one is able to deliver the products while the demand still exists. Zara has perfected this ability as evidenced by its new products failure rate of 1% which is much lower than the industry average of 10%.Finally, Zara empowers its staff and has established a strong brand culture e.g. decision-making is promote among its young designers and bad decisions are not severely puni shed store managers, product managers and commercials work together to ensure that stores are supplied with the correct products and quantities etc. Seller-customer closeness is also encouraged so that the store managers are made aware of the customer preferences and tastes which could be used in coming up with new products. riddleThe major problem with Zaras brand strategy would be its persistence with a centralized distribution system especially when we consider that the brand is rapidly expanding crosswise the globe. Though the company has an effective distribution system, this foray into new markets in Asia, Latin America and the United States is bound to add complexity and also increase cost if Zara insists on relying on its original hub in Spain. A centralized distribution system will not effectively cope with the rapid blowup and different needs of the new markets. It would probably be more prudent if Zara establishes new production and distribution centers in these far awa y markets such as the US, Asia and Latin America.RecommendationsThe first recommendation is as we have stated above, Zara will need to decentralize its distribution system to these new geographical markets. This will not only increase efficiency in delivery but also aid Zara in maintaining its competitive edge of short product lead times from design to manufacturing to retail sales.Secondly the existing distribution centers in Europe are being overwhelmed by the rapid increase of the number of stores being opened. To keep these distribution centers from becoming bottlenecks, Zara will have to establish more distribution centers to cater for its expanding European market.Thirdly, a foray into the markets in Asia and America would have to be carefully considered because of the huge cultural differences, especially with regards to Asia. Income levels could be going up within Asia but that does not translate necessarily into a market for fashion.

The Definition Foster Care Social Work Essay

The Definition Foster C be Social Work EssayNew World Enclopedia (2012) defines cheer tending as full-time substitute wish wellhead of baberen outside their own home by people former(a) than their biological or adoptive p atomic number 18nts or sub judice guardians. jibe to The Adoption Foundation (2012) Foster make do means placing a peasant in the momentary c be of a family other than its own as the result of chores or challenges that argon taking place within the birth family.Johnson (2004) defines Foster fear as a 24-hour substitute plow for children place remote from their pargonnts or guardians and for whom the State Agency has placement and cargon responsibility.To summarise the Foster bearing aim is to provide the opportunity to children victims of detestation and/or neglect to persist in a substitute family on a temporary basis. The role of the surrogate parents is to give support to the child and help him to grow physiologically, emotionally, socially an d spiritually.3.2 business relationship of Foster CareThe tykeren Aid Society (2012) utter that placement of children in hold dear homes is a concept which goes as far back as the honest-to-goodness Testament, which refers to caring for dependent children as a duty under law. Early Christian church records indicate orphaned children lived with widows who were paid by the church. English scummy Laws in the 1500s allowed the placement of poor children into indentured service until they became great(p)s. This practice was imported to the get together States and was the number one of placing children into advance homes. The nearly significant record of treasureing was in 1853, a child was removed(p) from a workhouse in Cheshire and placed in a nourish family under the legal care of the local government. At the beginning of the 1900s only orphaned or abandoned children under the age of 11 years were fostered, and they had to open a demanding psychological profile well adj usted, obedient and physically normal.Jeune Guishard-Pine (2007) identified that in 1969 research was carried out on the foster care system and it was found that foster families ask training on how to deal with the foster children and make them fill secure in the placement.3.3 Foster care as a global conceptJohnson (2005) emphasised that foster care is most in all probability the most widely practised form of substitute care for children world-wide, depending on the needs of the child, the culture and the system in place. harmonise to Askeland (2006) there are many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) different kinds of fostering and definitions of foster care vary internationally. It can be short -term, a matter of days ,or a child whole childhood. A review of foster care in twenty-two countries found considerable diversity in the way of fostering in both defined and practised.Mannheim (2002) stated that kinship foster care, which is the most common form of fostering in African countries, is non called foster care in all countries. In Ireland for eccentric only children placed with no relatives are said to be fostered. consort to Colton William (1995) in some countries foster care is only seen as a temporary ar stretchment.Johnson (2005) stated that the procedures to be registered as foster parents in different countries such(prenominal) as United Kingdom, Australia, Uganda and South Africa are similar. In some countries foster care programme is managed either by the government or an agency, and each country has their own basic criteria that should be fulfilled, such as world physically and mentally fit and healthy, having a room for the child ,having time to spend with the child. According to Blatt (2000), the process to be registered as foster families can take approximately half dozen months or more. Individuals who are willing to become foster families must make their applications to the agency. A home study is conducted by a social worker to appraise the capability of the applicants for taking care of a child. The assessment form is then forwarded to a panel who gives the approval.3.4 Placement in Foster careAccording to (Blatt 2000 Zuravin Deponfilis 1997), children are removed from their homes to protect them from abuses. These children ease up makeed physical, sexual abuse, or neglect at home, before they are transferred to a secure milieu. Some children are abandoned by their parents or legal guardians, or have parents or legal guardians who are unable to take care of them because they have financial difficulties, some are alcoholics, others are irresponsible. These children are then placed into foster care until the parents or guardians are capable of taking the parental responsibility.Elisa et al (2010), states that in all foster care cases, the childs biological or adoptive parents, or other legal guardians, momentarily gives up legal custody of the child. The guardian gives up custody, but not necessarily leg al guardianship. A child may be placed in foster care with the parents agreement. In a clear case of abuse or neglect, a court can order a child into foster care without the parents or guardians consent.Duncan and Shlonsky (2008) emphasizes that before any placement the foster care family is screened by the Government or agency through a psychologist or social worker that assess the foster care families under certain criteria such as emotional stability, motivation, parental skills and financial capabilities. Elisa et al (2010) states that the government provides foster families with an allocation taking in foster children. The foster parents are required to use the funds to buy the childs food, clothing, school supplies, and other incidentals. Most of the foster parents responsibilities toward the foster child are cl proterozoic set in legal documents.According to Blatt (2000), foster placements may last for a single day or several weeks some continue for years. If the parents gi ve up their rights permanently, or their rights to their child are severed by the court, the foster family may adopt the foster child or the child may be placed for adoption by str irritations.3.3.1 The let of Foster Care SystemAccording to Hayden (1999), the aim of foster care system is to protect and endorse the security of the child, while providing foster parents and biological parents with the adapted resources and available services needed to maintain the childs healthy development. Foster care environments are proposed to be places of safety and comfort, and are monitored by several welfare agencies, representatives, and caseworkers. ad hominem caseworkers assigned to a foster child by the state or county are accountable for supervising the placement of the child into an curb foster care system or home. The National Conference of State Legislatures (2006), states that the caseworker also carries out regular visits to the foster care family home to monitor progress. Other agents mired in a childs placement into foster care may include private service providers, welfare agencies, insurance agents, psychologists, and depicted object abuse counselors.3.3.2 Types of Foster CareAmbrosino et al (2008), emphasis that parents may voluntarily place children into foster care for various reasons. Such foster placements are monitored until the biological family can provide appropriate care for the child, or the biological parental rights are terminated and the child is adopted. Legal Guardianship, is a third option which can be used in cases where the child cannot be reunited with their biological family and adoption is not a suitable option. The Guardianship option most commonly occurs for elderly children aged 10years old onwards, who are strongly bonded to their biological parents.Geen (2003) mentions that voluntary foster care can be utilised when the parents are unable or unwilling to care of a child a child may suffer from behavioural or psychological p roblems and requires specialized treatment. Involuntary foster care is applied when the child is in riskiness and should be removed from the family to be put in a secure place.(Blatt 2000 Bath 2010Moe 2007) mention different types of fostering(i) Foster family home, relative A pass or unlicensed home of the childs relatives regarded by the state as a foster care maintenance arrangement for the child.(ii) Foster family home, non-relative A licensed foster family home regarded by the state as a foster care living arrangement.(iii)Group home or Institution A group home is a licensed or approved home providing 24-hour care for children in a small group setting that generally has from 7 to twelve children. An Institution is a facility operated by a public or private agency and providing 24-hour care and/or treatment for children who require separation from their own homes and group living experience. These facilities may include child care institutions, residential treatment facili ties, or maternity homes.Associated Problems with Foster Care SystemAccording to Mannhein (2002) stated that in the United States, placement success rate was 40% and failure rate was 60%.From previous studies carried out, Children and Family Research Center (2004), Proch Taber (1985), there are many associated problems with the foster care system that leads to the removal of the child from the foster care home such as time of placement in the foster care family, characteristics of home, foster parents characteristics and child characteristics.According to a study carried by Mannhein (2002) in the United States, placement success rate was 40% and failure rate was 60%. Fernadez and Bath (2010) states,that foster children face a number of problems both within and outside the foster care system. Foster children are more exposed to neglect, abuse, family dysfunction, poverty, and severe psychological conditions. The psychic wound caused to a child when removed from their home is also severe and may cause depression, anger, and confusion. psychological conditions of abused and neglected children are required to improve when placed in foster care, however the separation from their biological parents cause detrimenttic effect on the child.3.3.4 Time of Placement in Foster Care familyAccording to Bremner Wachs ( 2010) many studies which has been carried out show that behaviour of the child is the strongest predictor of placement disassembleion and is one of the main reasons foster parents request removal the children from Foster Families. atomic number 7 et al (2000) confirms that children showing sign of behaviours such as disruptive, aggressive or dangerous behaviour in the foster homes are requested to be removed from Foster Families. Zandberg Van der Meulen,(2002) study show that behaviour becomes a critical issue for foster placements for children over the age of 4 years.Webb et al, (2010) states, that children are more inclined to experience insecurity i n the foster home during the initial phase of placement and the first six months of a placement are crucial as 70 % of removal of foster children occur within this diaphragm. According to Whittaker et al (2010) older children experience more placement instability during the initial phase compared to infants and older girls are at the highest risk of placement disruptions than boys.3.3.5 Characteristics of the HomeBerridge Cleaver, (1987) stated that children have difficulty to adapt in foster home when they are placed with other children who are roughly the same age or if they are placed in foster homes where the foster parents have children of their own. Foster Children placed with other children may feel insecure and start competing for alterion and materialistic objects particularually this leads to conflicts in the foster care family.3.3.6 Foster Parent CharacteristicsAccording to Walsh Walsh (1990) to deal with a childs problem behaviour is mostly related to the Foster Par ents character and sense of catching. Doelling and Johnson (1990) states that the other most predictive characteristics of foster parents is their goodness of fit with a child including a match temperaments and having a relationship that is described as c retire. Butler Charles (1999) also state that a mismatch in temperament between a foster parents who is inflexible and a child with negative mood will eventually lead to disruption.Walsh and Walsh (1990) study also shows that for a placement to be successful the foster parents should be motivated, they should accept the child, they should feel the desire to parent the child and they should be motivated by their own childhood experience. According to Fine (1993), Social concur in foster family is important to prevent placement disruption and foster parents who have good relationship with their family and friends are more likely to be successful.3.3.7 Child CharacteristicsAccording to Children and Family Research (2004), the behav iour of a child is closely linked to placement disruptions. As stated by Lindheim Dozier (2007) foster parents do not understand the behavioural problems of the child and finally they request removal of the child from their custody. The behaviour of the child is a result of the child characteristics i.e the background of the child. Foster children are more exposed to neglect, abuse, family dysfunction, poverty, and severe psychological conditions. The detriment caused to a child when removed from their home is also severe and may cause depression, anger, and confusion.Psychological Trauma in ChildrenPsychological detriment is a type of damage to the mind that occurs as a result of a severely distressing experience. When that trauma leads to disorders , damage by chance will involve physical changes inside the brain and to brain chemistry, which modifies the persons reation to future stress.A traumatic event involves a single experience, or an enduring or recurring event or event s, that fully surmount the individuals capacity to deal with or integrate the ideas and emotions involved with that experience. The sense of being overwhelmed can be hold up by weeks, years or even decades, as the person fights back to cope with the abrupt situation. Psychological trauma can lead to serious semipermanent negative consequences that are often overlooked even by mental health professionalsTrauma can be caused by a wide range of events, but there are a few general aspects .There is, putting the person in a state of tremendous puzzlement and lack of confidence. Psychological trauma may accompany physical trauma or exist seperately of it. The usual causes and dangers of psychological trauma are sexual abuse , domestic violence, being the victim of an alcoholic parent, particularly in childhood. Long-term exposure to situation such as extreme poverty or milder forms of abuse, such as oral abuse, can be traumatic.Psychological trauma may happen during a single traumatic e vent or as a result of ingeminate (chronic) exposure to overwhelming stress (Terr, 1992). Children exposed to chronic trauma normally have considerably worse effect than those exposed to severe accidental traumas. In appendage, the failure of caregivers to satisfactorily protect a child may be experienced as betrayal and further supply to the adversity of the experience and set up of trauma. Acute psychological trauma causes impairment of the neuroendocrine systems in the body. excessive stress triggers the fight or flight survival response, which activate the sympathetic and suppresses the parasympathetic nervous system nervous system. Fight or flight responses increase cortisol levels in the central nervous system, which enable the individual to take action to survive (either dissociation, hyperarousal or both), but which at extreme levels can cause alterations in brain development and damage of brain cells. In children, high levels of cortisol can disrupt cell eminence, cell migration and critical aspects of central nervous system integration and functioning. Trauma affects basic regulatory processes in the brain stem, the limbic brain (emotion, memory, decree of arousal and affect), the neocortex ( information of self and the world) as well as integrative functioning across various systems in the central nervous system.Traumatic experiences are stored in the childs body/mind, and fear, arousal and dissociation associated with the original trauma may continue after the threat of danger . Development of the capacity to control affect may be destabilized or disrupted by trauma, and children exposed to severe or chronic trauma may demonstrate symptoms of mood swings, impulsivity, emotional irritability, anger and aggression, anxiety, depression and dissociation. Early trauma, mainly trauma at the hands of a caregiver, can distinctly modify a childs perception of self, trust in others and perception of the world.Children who experience severe early trauma often develop a foreshortened sense of the future. They come to anticipate that life will be dangerous, that they may not survive,and as a result, they give up hope and expectations for themselves that reach into the future (Terr, 1992).Among the most demoralizing personal effects of early trauma is the disruption of the childs individuation and differentiation of a separate sense of self. Disintegration of the developing self occurs in response to stress that overwhelms the childs limited capacities for self regulation. Survival becomes the focus of the childs interactions and activities and adapting to the demands of their environment takes priority. Traumatized children lose themselves in the course of handling with ongoing threats to their survivalthey cannot afford to trust, relax or fully look at their own feelings, ideas or interests. Characterlogical development is influence by the childs experiences in early relationships (Johnson, 1987). Young trauma victims often come t o believe there is something naturally wrong with them, that they are at fault, unlovable, hateful,helpless and unworthy of security and love. Such feelings lead to poor selfimage, self abandonment, and self destructiveness. Eventually, these feelings may create a victim state of body mind spirit that leaves the child/adult vulnerable to subsequent trauma and revictimization.Acute trauma in early childhood affects all area of development, including cognitive, social, emotional, physical, psychological and moral development. The pervasive negative effects of early trauma result in significantly higher levels of behavioral and emotional problems among abused children than non-abused children.In addition, children exposed to early trauma due to abuse or neglect lag behind in school readiness and school performance, they have diminished cognitive abilities, and many go on to develop substance abuse problems, health problems and serious mental health disorders. Serious emotional and beh avioral difficulties include depression, anxiety, aggression, conduct disorder, sexualized behavior, eating disorders,somatization and substance abuse. Early childhood trauma contributes to negative outcomes in adolescence, including dropping out of school, substance abuse, and early sexual activity, increasing the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases, early pregnancies and premature parenting. Early childhood trauma contributes to adverse adult outcomes as well, including depression, seattraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, health (Harris, Putnam Fairbank,2004).Although the effects of child abuse and neglect vs. family environmental andgenetic factors have been debated, juvenile twin studies confirm a significant causalrelationship between child abuse and major psychopathology (Kendler, Bulik, Silberg,Hettema, Myers Prescott, 2000). Acute trauma in early childhood bets to set in motion a chain of events , a negative path that places those children who have the hi ghest exposure and a less positive mediating or ameliorating factors at greatest risk of significant debilitating effect on development and increased occurrence of psychopathology (Perry, 1997, 1999, 2001 Eth Pynoos, 1985 Pynoos, 1994).The Adverse puerility Experiences direct (1998)carried a study where researchers mailed questionnaires to over 13,000 people who had freshly had medical workups at the Southern California Permanente Groupin San Diego. These patients were asked about their experiences with any of seven categories of childhood trauma psychological, physical, or sexual abuse violence against the mother or living with household members who had problems with substance abuse, mental illness, were ever imprisoned or committed suicide. everyplace 9,000 patients responded. Among those who reported even one such exposure, there were substantial increases in a awful range of disorders, together with substance abuse, depression, suicide, and sexual promiscuity, as well as incr eased incidences of heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, extreme obesity, skeletal fractures and liver disease.In summary, experience to extreme traumatic stress affects people at many levels of functioning somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral (e.g., vander Kolk, 1988 Kroll, Habenicht, McKenzie, 1989 Cole Putnam, 1992 Herman,1992b, van der Kolk et al., 1993). Childhood trauma sets the stage for a variety of disorders, such Post traumatic stress disorders,eating disorder,Attention deficient hyperactivity disorder,oppositional recalcitrant disorder,pervasive disorder,attachment disorder.(Herman, Perry, van derKolk, 1989 Ogata, Silk, Goodrick, Lohr, Westen Hill, 19893.4 Disorders with the Foster ChildThe Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study (2012) on foster care children showed that foster care children, were found to have reprize the incidence of depression, and were found to have a higher rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder) than combat veterans. In long term the foster care children suffer from psychopathology and cognitive disorders.3.4.1 Psychopathology Disorders with ChildAccording to Barkley and Mash (1996), child psychopathology is the manifestation of psychological disorders in children and adolescents. Some examples of psychopathology are post traumatic stress, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional resistive disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders.3.4.1.1 Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Cash (2006) states that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that that is classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. PTSD victims re-experience the traumatic event or events in some way, tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event , and are exquisitely sensitive to normal life experiences (hyperarousal). According to Dubber ( 1999) 60% of children in foster care who were sexually abused had post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD). 18% of children who were not abused faced PTSD just by witnessing violence at home. The symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder are tabulated belowTable 3. 1 Symptoms Post Traumatic breed DisorderRe-experiencing the Traumatic eventAvoidance and NumbingIncreased Anxiety and Emotional ArousalIntrusive, disturb memories of the eventAvoiding activities, places, thoughts, or feelings that remind you of the traumaDifficulty falling or staying asleepFlashbacks (acting or feeling like the event is happening again)Inability to remember important aspects of the traumaIrritability or outbursts of angerNightmares (either of the event or of other frightening things)Loss of interest in activities and life in generalDifficulty concentratingFeelings of intense distress when reminded of the traumaFeeling detached from others and emotionally numbHypervigilance (on constant red alert)Intense physical reactions to reminders of the event (e.g. pounding heart, rapid breathing, nausea, muscle tension, sweatingSense of a limited future (you dont expect to live a normal life span, get married, have a career)Feeling jumpy and comfortably startledIntrusive, upsetting memories of the eventAvoiding activities, places, thoughts, or feelings that remind you of the trauma3.4.1.2 Attention Deficient Hyper Activity DisorderMillichap (2010) , defines attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a psychiatric disorder and it is characterized by either significant difficulties of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsiveness or a combination of the two. ADHD impacts school-aged children and results in restlessness, acting impulsively, and lack of focus which impairs their ability to learn properly. It is the most commonly studied and diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children, affecting about 3 to 5 percent of children globally.Robin (1998) has listed some of the symptoms of Atte ntion deficit-hyperactivity disorder are inattention, hyperactivity, disruptive behavior and impulsivity. Academic difficulties are also common signs of ADHD. According to Ramsay et al (2008), the symptom categories yield three potential classifications of ADHD-predominantly inattentive type, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type, or combined type if criteria for both subtypes are met. The table below shows the Attention Deficient Hyper Activity Disorder SymptomsPredominantly inattentive SymptomsPredominantly hyperactive-impulsive SymptomsImpulsivity SymptomsBe easily distracted, miss details, forget things,Fidget and squirm in their seatsBe very impatient pass water difficulty maintaining focus on one proletariatTalk nonstopBlurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequencesBecome bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something enjoyableDash around, touching or playing with anything and everything i n sightHave difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in gamesHave difficulty foc using attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new or trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or activitiesHave trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story timeNot seem to listen when spoken toBe constantly in motionDaydream, become easily confused, and move slowlyHave difficulty doing quiet tasks or activitiesHave difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as othersFidget and squirm in their seatsStruggle to follow instructions3.4.1.3 Oppositional disobedient disorderMatthys W Lochman J (2010), defines oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as an ongoing pattern of anger guided disobedience, hostilely defiant behavior toward authority figures which goes beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior. People may appear very stubborn an d often angry.Freeman et al (2006), also listed some common features of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as persistent anger, frequent temper tantrums or angry outbursts and well as disregard for authority. Children and adolescents with ODD often purposely annoy others, belt others for their own mistakes, and are easily disturbed. The table below shows the signs and symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder.Signs and Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (lasting at least 6 months, during which four or more are present)Symptomsoften loses temperoften argues with adultsoften actively defies or refuses to comply with adults requests or rulesoften deliberately annoys peopleoften blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehaviouris often touchy or easily annoyed by othersis often angry and resentfulis often spiteful or vindictive3.4.1.4 Pervasive developmental DisorderWaltz M (2003), defines Pervasive developmental disorders,( PDDP, as a group of conditions that involve dela ys in the development of many basic skills, most notably the ability to socialize with others, to communicate, and to use imagination.Malmone Quinn (2004) also states that these conditions are usually identified in children around 3 years of age a critical period in a childs development. Although the condition begins far earlier than 3 years of age, parents often do not notice the problem until the child is a bambino who is not walking, talking, or developing as well as other children of the same age and four types of Pervasive Development Disorders have been identified Autism, Apergers Syndrome, Childhood disintegrative disorder and Retts syndrome.According to Volkmar (2007), children with autism have problems with social interaction, pretend play, and communication. They also have a limited range of activities and interests. Many (nearly 75%) of children with autism also have some degree of mental retardation.Malonne Quinn (2004), stated that children with Aspergers syndrome h ave difficulty with social interaction and communication, and have a narrow range of interests. However, children with Aspergers have average or above average intelligence, and develop normally in the areas of language and cognition (the mental processes related to thinking and learning). Volkmar (2007) also stated that children with Aspergers often also have difficulty concentrating and may have poor coordination.Waltz (2003) stated that children with Childhood disintegrative disorder begin their development normally in all areas, physical and mental. At some point, usually between 2 and 10 years of age, a child with this illness loses many of the skills he or she has developed. In addition to the loss of social and language skills, a child with disintegrative disorder may lose control of other functions, including bowel and bladder control.According to Goldstein Reynolds (2011), Children pitiful from Retts Syndrome which is a very rare disorder have the symptoms associated with a PDD and also suffer problems with physical development. They generally suffer the loss of many motor or movement skills such as walking and use of their hands and develop poor coordination. This condition has been linked to a defect on the X chromosome, so it almost always affects girls.The table below summarises the General Symptoms in Pervasive Developmental DisordersGeneral Symptoms in Pervasive Developmental DisordersDifficulty with verbal communication, including problems using and understanding languageDifficulty with non-verbal communication, such as gestures and facial expressionsDifficulty with social interaction, including relating to people and to his or her surroundingsUnusual ways of playing with toys and other objectsDifficulty adjusting to changes in routine or familiar surroundingsRepetitive body movements or patterns of behavior, such as hand flapping, spinning, and head bangingever-changing response to sound the child may be very sensitive to some noises and se em to not hear others.Temper tantrumsDifficulty sleeping high-pressure behaviourFearfulness or anxietyEating DisordersHudson et al (2007) defines eating disorders refer to a group of conditions defined by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individuals physical and mental health. According to Hadfield (2008), obesity in

Thoughts on Organization :: Writing Education Essays

Thoughts on OrganizationWe learned about thesis and antithesis and five paragraphs and the whole bit, and learned to do it faster and faster. We repeated it in just the corresponding way you throw basketballs at hoops over and over until youre good at it....All this indicated that I was a good writer and I and teachers both probably believed I sincerely was, and strictly because of this motor skill theyd trained me in. Dave wrote that in an e-mail discussion about theme writing. It made me wonder what the actual guidelines were for the so-called Official Style, and what, if anything, was unlawful with its formula. After all, this is what Universities demanded of us on a quarterly basis. If the scholars and the academe found it to be the standard, what could be wrong with it? I had done it, been good at it. I could turn out one of the official papers in a two hour time frame and get an A. Big deal. Didnt that baffle me a good writer? What else is there? So I read Strunk and Whites version of The Elements of Style to commence out exactly what I had been doing while fulfilling date after assignment. Not that the subject matter was all that entertaining, but couldnt they have spruced up their writing with a little creativity, a little humor? I was so bored, I had a hard time wanting to pick the book up once it had fallen from my bored hands. Ah Ha I do believe I had inadvertently stumbled upon the result of Official Style writing. It stifled the creative, humorous, and personal tendencies that I, and most creatively-intended people, personally look for in a piece of plough we would like to tag as interesting. My thoughts then wandered to what the non-official style would set for writing guidelines. Would it be a writing revolution? Would it swim circles around Strunk or would it solely allow more flexibility while still holding Strunks words as truth? Would I find out that what I had previously indite and considered a brilliant paper was actually a regurgat ation of someone elses work. And worst of all, would it be as boring as Strunk? Naturally I knew I would find my answer on MCMorgs homepage and bookshelf. So I dug around a little in Aristotle, Finnegans Wake , Nevin Liab, and our previous reading assignments.

Creationism vs. Evolution Essay examples -- Religion Science Religious

Creationism vs. EvolutionThis paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will tender two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on thequestion of why many people believe that God created the universe and all(prenominal) living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be corresponded thatsubstantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has its roots in our contemporary understanding of a progressive process of natural evolution. This process shaped the nature of all living things beginning with single-cell organisms and ending with highly daedal creatures such as humanoids.There atomic number 18 two possibilities in relation to the origin of life Either a supernatural being (God) created life or all life evolved on its own. Many people, who are known as creationists believe that God created the earth and all the creature s in it. Then there are those who believe in evolution, which is supported by a plethora of facts and theories. Darwin is the most famous person associated with the theory of evolution. He suggested that humans had evolved, over a persistent period of time, from lower primates. He is also famous for the concept that coined the phrase survival of the fittest. Darwins evolutionary theory of life on earth argues that present day creatures that roam the earth are the outcome of billions of years in adaptations to constantly changing environments. Evolution is the idea that while organisms exhibit certain traits, they are not fixed and are able to be altered through progressive adaptation. Adaptation occurs through the passing of traits from an organism pa... ...al The Case for Evolution. New York Pantheon Books, 1982.Godfrey, Laurie, ed. Scientists portray Creationism. New York W.W. Norton, 1983.Science and creationism. (1999). Retrieved December 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web. h ttp//books.nap.edu/html/creationism/human.htmlSpetner, Lee. Not by Chance Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution. Brooklyn, New York Judaica Press 1997. untried world. (1996). Retrieved December 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c012.htmlZondervan publishing house. Holy bible New international version. (1986). sniffy Rapids, Michigan. Zondervan publishing house. Holy bible New international version. (1986). Grand Rapids, Michagan. (Genesis 126).Zondervan publishing house. Holy bible New international version. (1986). Grand Rapids, Michagan. (Psalms 191-3)